Ad Honorem. Désirée est née vers 747 et épouse Charlemagne le 25 décembre 770. chrétiens et issus de l’Empire romain. Han forente det meste av Vest-Europa i tidlig middelalder.Han var den første anerkjente keiser som styrte fra Vest-Europa siden Vestromerriket falt sammen tre århundrer tidligere. Imperial wives often had to wait for this honour, which was sometimes bestowed after the successful delivery of a male child.” I will stop to ask: Is it significant that Maria did not receive this honor and Irene did, even before her marriage? Student Scholarly Identity and Multimodal Making with a Digital Anthology Project, 4. The Frankish emperor then took up the cause of rebellious Venetia and Dalmatia . I think that might lead to an uneasy peace, but would only delay the split until a later date in the future. © 2016 TEAMS Consortium for Teaching Medieval Studies, The Original Odd Couple: Charlemagne and Irene. Theoretically a man became Emperor either through election by Senate, people, and Army, or by the decree of the reigning Emperor, who, during his lifetime, designated and installed at his side a successor chosen by qualification of birth, adoption, or association. 7 David Talbot Rice, The Byzantines. Charlemagne Carolingian, Duke of Bavaria, King of the Franks, King of the Lombards, Holy Roman Emperor, was born 2 April 747 in Herstal, Belgium to Pepin the Short (714-768) and Bertrada of Laon (720-783) and died 28 January 814 in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany of unspecified causes. What might make you think it is idealized? Medieval Popular Religion, Annotated Bibliography for Teachers, 9. Charlemagne made and effort to achieve union – to his advantage – by sending an embassy to propose marriage to Irene, but she was deposed before it arrived and a court official, Nicephorus, was crowned in 802.”, It has justly been said that in Byzantium, imperial power was an autocracy tempered by         revolution and assassination. Ce geste réjouit Charlemagne. “Parzival’s Fear and Werther’s Loathing” – Teaching Emotions in Medieval and Modern Literature to High School Students in Germany: An Experiment, 5. (London: Viking, 1988), 378. Désirée est née vers 747 et épouse Charlemagne le 25 décembre 770. Irene negotiated a marriage between Constantine and Charlemagne’s daughter, Rotrude (Erythro), when the two were children. Was she a legitimate ruler? Learn more about Charlemagne, the King of the Franks who united Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire, at Biography.com. Il est important de le souligner, parce que c'est le premier échec de toutes les tentatives de construire une Europe dominée par un peuple ou un empire. I highlight Irene’s origins (she was likely from Athens) and ask students to theorize about her cultural associations with art and what her feelings might have been about icons. Charlemagne’s relationship with his daughters has raised eyebrows for twelve centuries. While Charlemagne's wars with many nations, namely the Saxons, expanded the Frankish Kingdom, his marriage with Irene changed Europe forever. In the following year –, the tenth indiction – he dispatched ambassadors to gain. rebellion? (I often ask what my students are studying in art and drawing classes and how these classes would be different had Irene been unsuccessful in restoring the use of icons. The result was that three years later Pope Stephen II journeyed beyond the Alps to meet the Frankish ruler Pepin – a step which started the famous partnership between the Carolingians and the papacy and culminated in Charlemagne’s coronation by the pope in Rome on 25 December 800This act deeply disturbed the Byzantines because it violated the principle of one empire, and they attempted to oppose Charles’ usurpation. This exercise allows students to work on a creative and active assignment which also calls for some research and allows the teacher to modify for differing abilities. At the same time prestige in the west was falling as a result of the rise of the Carolingian Empire and events were brought to a head by the crowning at Rome in 800 of Charlemagne as emperor of the West, which was no doubt designed as a gesture by the Pope to indicate that he no longer owed allegiance to the Byzantine emperors. ), Students are provided with an image of Irene from Byzantine coins. Why does Einhard mention Ravenna? Pourquoi a-t-il échoué ? 27. I think the decision to marry Charlemagne would cause Empress Irene a great deal of political trouble back home. XII.2 (Spring 2016) We then return to a large group and discuss the answers to these questions. Failing that, Lothair and Louis split his empire and Charles the Bald goes off to head Byzantium, and nothing changes except the dynasty. Among the facts they may find (some of which are quite difficult to search out online) are: We then leave Irene and I briefly review with students what we have already discussed regarding early Western kingdoms that emerged after the fall of , particularly the territory now controlled by the Franks. Goal: by the end of class, students will understand the long-term results of iconoclasm and how the phenomenon created a deep division between east and west. There was now an empire of the east and one of the west as well, and the Byzantine monopoly was broken. Mindfulness, Contemplative Pedagogy, and the Medieval Now, 1. What if Charlemagne and Irene had married? Les symboles de leur pouvoir sont entourés en rouge. We discuss the Second Council of Nicea (787) during which icons were declared a legitimate means of prayer. Charlemagne. Most sources online have conflicting information, so it can be useful for students to put it all up on the boards in the classroom and see where they found reliable information and where they did not. Sometimes students will search online for Irene and produce the mosaic from Hagia Sophia. He married Hildegard (758-783) 771. So my guess is that if Charlemagne marries Irene or he manages to secure the throne via marriage for his descendants he would soon fall victim of a Palace coup in Constantinople and another Emperor would be elected. I use the following points to emphasize what a huge shift this was in the Byzantine Empire: We also discuss what it meant that Irene ruled alone (without a husband, father, or son as co-ruler) from 797-802. Now, here’s the best way to think about the Frankish-Saxon Wars – the Franks are the big, armored, sword-wielding Teutonic knight-looking German warriors you picture when you think about the Holy Roman Empire or maybe like the Siegfried legend or something. The emergence of the western empire is the most spectacular moment in the      rise of a new society in western Europe.… As the centuries passed the two societies grew apart in political, social, economic, culture and spiritual life and their separate development is the basis of the difference between western and eastern Europe in modern time.”5, “By whom, however could [the Pope] be tried [for crowning Charlemagne]? I have found the video on Hagia Sophia from PBS’ series Nova (available online at http://www.pbs.org/video/2365432635/) to be very useful for discussing Justinian and his reign. Sitôt Himiltrude répudiée, Charlemagne entreprend les négociations pour conclure son mariage avec la fille du roi des Lombards, Didier Ier. Charlemagne and the Roman Church. Empress Irene was the wife of Leo IV and, on her husband’s death, she reigned as regent for her son Constantine VI from 780 to 790 CE. Il y aurait eu un projet de mariage entre Irène et Charlemagne. Each student is assigned a role (listed below) for which he or she must design, create and write a postcard (including an appropriate picture), based on one of these roles. Le mariage entre l'empereur Charlemagne et l'impératrice Irène va-t-il avoir lieu ? Some have also brought up the death of Latin in the East as a characteristic of an empire that is no longer Roman. Irène, Constantin VI et Charlemagne « Frappé d’aveuglement, le Copronyme (note du transcripteur : l’empereur-soldat byzantin et iconoclaste Constantin V, dit le Copronyme. 4 Theophanes, 801. They particularly enjoy the postcard assignment which allows them to work in a creative way and it also, as I wrote above, encourages them to re-visit the icons and artwork from day one as they search for appropriate images. Although that image is, I ask the students to imagine what Irene’s thoughts might have been when she received news of Charlemagne’s coronation. Sometimes students will search online for Irene and produce the mosaic from Hagia Sophia. How would a marriage of convenience between Charles and Irene have affected the succession issue? Les deux empires chrétiens du haut Moyen. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene’s claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.”6, “But (Irene’s) rule was not very successful. En 781, le mariage entre Constantin, le fils d’Irène et Hermengarde, la fille de Charlemagne est proposé car Irène fait partie de l’empire Byzantin et Charlemagne de l’empire Carolingien. As a group, they decide on the appropriate answer to each question and write it on the sheet. The ‘Dante vivo’ Project, Florence, Italy, 3. The bitterness over iconoclasm was a contributing factor to this Great Schism, for the popes since the ninth century had long supported the use of icons, particularly for the illiterate, and yet the patriarchs and emperors usually supported an iconoclastic policy. Skills: Reading symbolism in art, crafting historical arguments from historical evidence. I think that might lead to an uneasy peace, but would only delay the split until a later date in the future. Devenu adulte, celui-ci règne seul mais devient vite impopulaire. Others have argued that although Irene might have been legitimate, the Arab threat to Constantinople demanded unification with the West or at least stronger leadership on her part. Have I literally drawn his divine nature? Although that image is an Irene, it is not our Irene and so it provides an opportunity for discussing the veracity of internet sources, particularly in image searches. A primary document to demonstrate the above point can be useful for reading aloud: “In this year Irene sent Konstaes the. Irene was a strong iconodule.She arranged the convening of the Second Council of Nicea in 787 that restored the practice of veneration of icons. Irene found another bride for Constantine, Maria, who was not given the title of empress when they married. Les portraits, à gauche, de Charlemagne, empereur de l’empire carolingien, et, à droite, d’Irène, impératrice de l’empire byzantin. Charlemagne gave a great deal of charity to the poor, and not only in his own country. We usually begin by sharing research from the homework: what did the students discover about Irene? Object Lessons: Inter- and Extra-Disciplinary Teaching in the History of Education, 4. The excerpts from Einhard’s Life of Charlemagne they are assigned include the very short chapters 17, 18, 24-28 (readily available on the Fordham ) about the personal dress, appearance, habits, studies, generosity and coronation of Charlemagne.2 (Note: when we studied the Roman Empire, we read excerpts from Suetonius about The Twelve , so students are already familiar with this biographical style although they will rarely connect the two).3 I then break them into two small groups to brainstorm answers to the following questions: Groups A and B each receive 5 giant post-its and markers and write one question at the top of each. Students may or may not have discovered the following information (a fuller account can be found in Judith Herrin, Women in Purple, Rulers of Medieval Byzantium, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). Many students suggest that they wouldn’t be studying the human form at all, but would be limited to nature, geometric patterns, still lives, etc. Irene of Athens (c.752-30 September 806), also known as Irene Sarantapechos, was the Byzantine Empress regnant from 797 to 806. Charlemagne’s biggest, bloodiest, and most horrifically-ultra-violent conflicts were against a Germanic tribe called the Saxons. Goal: by the end of class students will be able to identify icons, some Byzantine symbolism, and identify iconoclasm and understand its significance. Irène venait d’une famille noble à Athènes. I then project onscreen for students a number of other icons from the time period (8th – 10th century) and ask students for descriptors and for their speculations about the symbolism. Charles married Juliana, who was his first cousin once removed. Who, in other words, was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ? From 797 to 802 CE she ruled as emperor in her own right, the first woman to do so in Byzantine history. En tant Use primary and secondary sources to support your argument. They are encouraged to write comments and questions on the post-its. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene’s claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.”, “But (Irene’s) rule was not very successful. I ask the following questions: In Christian theology, Jesus is both truly God and truly man, so if I create a mosaic or painting of him, which nature is depicted? I will identify some common symbols and techniques they might have missed, such as the emphasis on large eyes, the Greek lettering, and any symbols such as fish, vines, or bread (representing the creed, the grace of God and the Eucharistic feast).We then discuss how the Iconoclastic movement might have begun, since there could be a fine line between using the image as a means of prayer and actually adoring the image itself. Constantine VI and his mother Irene struggled for power (this may include details such as Constantine trying to arrest a eunuch at the court who served as one of Irene’s chief advisors or that Irene tried to gain control over the army) It was for the emperors of the Macedonian line ‘to give imperial branches of dynasty.’ Thenceforward it was more difficult to overthrow so firmly rooted a tree; an imperial family now existed, whose members were given the name of Porphyrogeniti, and it is from this period that we may trace an increasing emphasis on legitimacy …Even usurpers respected the lawful dynasty, and among the people there grew up an attachment – a loyalist devotion – to the ruling house. While the marriage must have been celebrated in identical style, the young bride from Amnia was not raised to the higher status of empress. A cloister, 58. It was for the emperors of the Macedonian line ‘to give imperial branches of dynasty.’ Thenceforward it was more difficult to overthrow so firmly rooted a tree; an imperial family now existed, whose members were given the name of Porphyrogeniti, and it is from this period that we may trace an increasing emphasis on legitimacy …Even usurpers respected the lawful dynasty, and among the people there grew up an attachment – a loyalist devotion – to the ruling house. With Constantine’s moving of the capital from Rome to Constantinople, I remind students that emperors did not always care to live in Rome, but I also use the analogy that if the United States were to move the capital from Washington D.C. to another city (for example, Los Angeles), we wouldn’t suddenly cease to think of ourselves as Americans. Skills: Chronological reasoning, historical interpretation. They then hang the posters around the room and swap places for silent commentary. The author continues: “But since this occasion had been masterminded by Irene, she made sure that Constantine and his young bride remained subordinate to her.”, Charlemagne to Pope Leo III (before or after his coronation), Irene to Pope Leo about the coronation of Charlemagne, Charlemagne’s daughter Rotrude to her fiancé, Constantine VI, Charlemagne’s son Pepin (the Hunchback) to his mother on the subject of the coronation, Charlemagne’s son Pepin (the Hunchback) to his mother on the occasion of his father’s marriage to Irene, Charlemagne’s ambassador to Constantinople, reporting back on Irene being deposed, Einhard writing to Charlemagne with a description of Irene, Irene’s son, Constantine VI to his mother on his opinion of her possible marriage to Charlemagne (before he was blinded and killed). Was she pro-icon from the beginning? Like Rome, Byzantium had no law of succession, at least until the end of the ninth century. C. constantine. Irène, épouse de Léon IV, a d'abord été régente durant la minorité de son fils Constantin VI. He became king of the Franks in 768 following his father's death, initially as co-ruler with his brother Carloman I, until the latter’s death in 771. The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. Piste verte = niveau facile Charlemagne, empereur carolingien Irène, impératrice byzantine I. O ù s e s i t u e n t l e u r s e m p i r e s e t c a p i t a l e s? That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. » « IRÈNE (752-803) - impératrice … Irène devient impératrice régnante en 797. On 803, Irene of Athens and Charlemagne married, fusing the Byzantine and Frankish Empire. Le mariage entre Charlemagne et Irène va-t-il avoir lieu ? Elle le fait énucléer pour son manque de clairvoyance et il en meurt. Cet aspect est rarement mis en valeur par les historiens. I have found that when the question is framed as which emperor is the rightful one, the students become quite passionate about arguing for their favored candidate. Would it be only a marriage of convenience? Skills: Comparison and Contextualization, Historical Interpretation and Synthesis. In this Eastern monarchy, even women might ascend the throne – a thing unknown in the West – and those such as Irene, Theodora and Zoë were popular.”8. French metallurgists made superior arms; the exportation of arms would have helped France's enemies, 56. If Charlemagne and empress Irene married, and somehow aquired the same heir, would it have been possible to create a reformed Roman empire from the union of the two states. Do you agree with Einhard’s explanation for why Charlemagne couldn’t learn to write? In the case of the source above, an indiction was a fifteen-year cycle used for dating documents in both Byzantine and some western sources. The idea of a single emperor was deep set, and this event marked more than anything else the split between Italy and Byzantium as well as that between the Latin and the Orthodox Churches. Irene is able to sway enough people to her control and she is able to give the order to have Constantine, her own son, blinded, which will make him unfit to be emperor. In this year – the ninth indiction – on December 25 Charles, the king of the Franks was crowned by Pope Leo. 5. Does that lend additional weight to Irene’s role as emperor? Students may suggest that Charlemagne’s building program was an attribute appropriate to a Roman emperor, or that his capital at Aachen was patterned on Ravenna, thereby connecting himself to Justinian’s version of Rome. Goal: By the end of class, students will have a brief timeline of Irene’s tenure as emperor and be able to identify and understand major social aspects of Charlemagne’s life, how he wished to be perceived, and identify political reasons why he was crowned. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. Irene is said to have sought a marriage alliance between herself and Charlemagne, but according to Theophanes the Confessor, who alone mentions it, the scheme … Students are provided with an image of Irene from Byzantine coins. class is broken into four groups and each is given a secondary source explaining the attitude of the Byzantines towards the coronation of Charlemagne. Leur fils est né un peu plus d’ un an après le mariage. Il semble que Copronyme veuille dire Ordurier, du grec kopros, excrément et onuma, nom. In this Eastern monarchy, even women might ascend the throne – a thing unknown in the West – and those such as Irene, Theodora and Zoë were popular.”, I will sometimes also read the following quotation aloud: “…Maria was not crowned as basilissa before her wedding in November 788. Irene then reigned alone as emperor (not empress) for five years. Charlemagne et Irène. The video focuses on a modern earthquake team testing the structure for both past solidity and future potential damage. Vikings? He had at least eight productive partners, two of whom were the other two definitely legal wives, and another of whom (the first of his partners) had a relationship that only some publications say was a legal marriage. In 798 she opened diplomatic relations with the Western emperor Charlemagne, and in 802 a marriage between her and Charlemagne was reportedly contemplated.According to the contemporary Byzantine historian Theophanes, the scheme was frustrated by one of Irene’s favourites. Greek empress, Irene, 57. DU HAUT MOYEN AGE. His feats as a ruler, both real and imagined, served as a standard to which many European rulers looked for guidance in defining and discharging their royal functions. Answers will vary, 61. A Journey into Late Medieval Italy with “The Inferno”, 8. L'éventualité de cette réunification de l'empire romain aurait menacé directement l'islam en crise et à du faire un peu "paniquer" le califat. Three Approaches to Teaching “Pearl”: Introduction to Literature, British Literature I, and the Mythology of J. R. R. Tolkien, 7. Par Vikidia, l’encyclopédie pour les jeunes, qui explique aux enfants et à ceux qui veulent une présentation simple d'un sujet. Avars, 59. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. Why wouldn’t they? Les deux empires ont évangélisé de nouveaux peuples en Europe centrale et orientale et leurs empereurs ont fait construire de somptueuses églises comme La chapelle d’Aix par Charlemagne et Sainte Sophie à Constantinople par Justinien (VI ès.) In fact, it was most often by brutal usurpation that emperors were made, and for a long time there was no reigning family or blood royal in Byzantium. We gather up the sheets to read later, and I give the students a very small excerpt from The Chronicle of Theophanes that relates how Charlemagne wished to invade Sicily but stopped because he wanted to marry Irene. What elements make you think this is an accurate biography? The Westminster Schools (Atlanta, GA). Irene of Athens Biography: Irene came from a noble family in Athens. In normal circumstances the only conceivable answer to that question would have been the Emperor at Constantinople; but the imperial throne was at this moment occupied by Irene. On occasion, it can be helpful to brainstorm some ideas before students sit down to write the essay, although it can also lead students down a path that isn’t original. Irene Jane Levin (født 11. februar 1943 i Norrköping) er en norsk akademiker og forfatter. We then come together as a group and each small group reports on their source, summarizing the argument of each and we discuss the similarities and differences among the four, deciding whether there is a consensus in the argument. Creative Translation and Old English Poetry: A Teaching Technique, 6. Irene was brought to Constantinople by Emperor Constantine V on 1 November 768 and was married to his son Leo IV on 17 December. Constantine decided that he wasn’t particularly fond of his wife, Maria, and had her exiled (along with their two daughters.) I have had students use icons as the front of the postcards, photos of Aachen’s cathedral or other buildings in Aachen, and even one student who photoshopped an image of Charlemagne’s face onto the mosaic of John Comnenos and Irene of Hungary from Hagia Sophia. Study Outside the Box – The “Modern” Staging of the Middle English Everyman, 2. As early as 781, Irene began to seek a closer relationship with the Carolingian Dynasty and the Papacy in Rome. In that way, Byzantines always considered themselves Romans. Marriage of Irene and Charlemagne: 803 - Unification Wars: 806-831 - Raid of Paris: 845 - First Viking Wars: 845-864 Currency: Denier : The Frankish Empire, also called Francia, Kingdom of the Franks, or the Frankish Kingdom was the territory inhabited by the Franks from c.3rd Century until its complete merge with the Byzantine Empire into the Carolingian Union in 893. What would a Byzantine/Frankish empire look like? Charlemagne (747-814), despite having two legal wives who bore him no children, had about 20 children. She is most remembered for her marriage to Charlemagne in 803, unifying the Franks and the Byzantines. (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), 53. Le 24 septembre 768, il hérite d'une partie du royaume franc de son père (la majeure partie de l'Austrasie et de la Neustrie, ainsi que la partie occidentale de l'A… For gay people, ... Ireland went from considering homosexuality a crime to allowing gay marriage and electing a gay taoiseach with little fuss. Les deux empires ont évangélisé de nouveaux peuples en Europe centrale et orientale et leurs empereurs ont fait construire de somptueuses églises comme La chapelle d’Aix par Charlemagne et Sainte Sophie à Constantinople par Justinien (VI ès.) He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood, but only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious, survived to succeed him. If so, why would she be allowed to marry Leo in the first place? According to one account Charles had sought Irene in marriage, but his plan was defeated. En effet pour rétablir l'unité impériale, un mariage etait envisagé entre l'empereur Charlemagne et la "basileus" Irène. Before becoming empress, she was consort to Leo IV from 775 to 780 and empress dowager from 780 to 797. They are free to invent supplemental information that we did not cover in class. Day 3: How does a King wish to be remembered? So, after some reading on the supposed transition period from the Dark ages to the middle ages and the two 'dominant' seeming characters of said era; I learned that a marriage between Charlemagne and Empress Irene was in the cards... in addition to a possible match between Irene's son the future Emperor Constantine IV and Charles's daughter. They build a model of the core structure and test it on a shake table; this intrigues students. The result was that three years later Pope Stephen II journeyed beyond the Alps to meet the Frankish ruler Pepin – a step which started the famous partnership between the Carolingians and the papacy and culminated in Charlemagne’s coronation by the pope in Rome on 25 December 800This act deeply disturbed the Byzantines because it violated the principle of one empire, and they attempted to oppose Charles’ usurpation. 1 The Chronicle of Theophanes, ed. Race and Ethnicity: Saracens and Jews in Middle English Literature, 1. Un mariage entre Irène et Charlemagne a même été envisagé car ils ont des racines communes et sont tous les deux empereurs d'empires chrétiens. They ought to have an online or paper dictionary for words they do not recognize, and they should discuss the context of those words among themselves. So although the Schism itself was over a theological difference, there was already hostility between east and west over the popes’ pro-icon stance being routinely ignored in Constantinople. In my opinion, the marriage between Charlemagne and Irene would result in expulsion and loss of succession rights for Irene as the regnant 'eastern' roman empress due to her marriage with a 'barbarian' dynasty. Was he thinking to make himself truly a Roman emperor by marrying the last Roman empress? They are asked to create a list of descriptors for each icon and to list similarities between icons. Déjà en 782, un projet d’union avait été proposé par Irène à Charlemagne pour unir leurs enfants mais une crise religieuse dans l’Empire byzantin en 787 empêcha le mariage. I ask the students to imagine what Irene’s thoughts might have been when she received news of Charlemagne’s coronation. ), In 1054, the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople (Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius) excommunicated each other. So, she begins her sole rule in 797 with this event. Manon sundiono. Elle est née vers 752. 5 Speros Vryonis, Byzantium and Europe: History of European Civilization Library (Norwich: Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc., 1967), 66-68. Gui de Cambrai’s Barlaam and Josaphat: A Primer of Medieval Christian Concepts for Undergraduates*, 5. At the same time prestige in the west was falling as a result of the rise of the Carolingian Empire and events were brought to a head by the crowning at Rome in 800 of Charlemagne as emperor of the West, which was no doubt designed as a gesture by the Pope to indicate that he no longer owed allegiance to the Byzantine emperors. 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