This initial pool of items was presented to 25 graduate students in psychology and neuroscience who responded to each item and provided feedback as to which of the items were redundant or worded in a confusing or ambiguous manner. The Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) is a 30-item instrument devised by Adrian Wells and Mark I. Davies (1994) to assess the effectiveness of strategies used for the control of unpleasant and unwanted thoughts.. Reduced cognitive control and flexibility was associated with greater negative appraisals of stressful situations, which, in turn, was tied to more severe depressive symptoms (Study 2). Soc. We also examined whether a more complex three-factor model (that also includes a method factor for the negatively worded items) provides a better fit to the data relative to the hypothesized two-factor model (that also includes the method factor for the negatively worded items). Mplus User’s Guide, 8th Edn, Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén, Murphy, F. C., Michael, A., and Sahakian, B. J. If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Clin. By contrast, the CCFQ assesses the ‘processes’ of appraising, reappraising, and coping (i.e., generating multiple alternative appraisals and coping methods), independent of content (i.e., the use of a particular coping strategy). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Affect. Sci. A PCA with Promax rotation was conducted to determine whether the factor structure of the final (18-item) CCFQ observed in the student sample matched that of a community sample. Once the TSST (or control task) were completed, participants filled out several questionnaires concerning stressor appraisals, mood state, and cognitive flexibility. Accordingly, a brief self-report measure – the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (the CCFQ) – was constructed. This can lead to theory and research being constructed around mistaken assumptions about what is being measured. (2017). Additionally, IP addresses were checked to ensure that the same participant did not complete the survey multiple times. doi: 10.1016/j.appsy.2007.09.002, Juruena, M. F., Bocharova, M., Agustini, B., and Young, A. H. (2017). Accordingly, we propose that cognitive control and flexibility can, in fact, be expressed multiple ways. Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. The relation between lower CCFQ scores and heightened depressive symptoms was also partially accounted for by less frequent engagement in problem-focused coping and more use of emotion-focused methods. The defining features of coping flexibility closely resemble the hallmark characteristic of cognitive flexibility, which is modifying cognitive or behavioral strategies in response to changing environmental demands. As shown in Table 6, individuals who reported greater levels of cognitive control and flexibility on the CCFQ tended to appraise a personally meaningful academic challenge more positively. 9:58. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058, Park, J., and Moghaddam, B. The item pool included 33 items involving perceived engagement with fast and slow thinking, and 22 items involving perceived ability and willingness to use the 2 reasoning styles. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7, Moore, A., and Malinowski, P. (2009). In fact, it might be these specific perceptions (i.e., level of difficulty in cognitive control) that might predict depressive symptoms beyond the other measures used in Study 1. The coping flexibility questionnaire: development and initial validation in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. Bull. Rev. Cogn. A., De Dreu, C. K., Rietzschel, E. F., and Baas, M. (2010). Disord. The present study focused on the brooding (α = 0.81) and reflective pondering (α = 0.82) subscales. Ther. The factor structure of the CCFQ in the community sample was nearly identical to that observed in the student sample, with the exception of one item. The cognitive control over emotion dimension of the CCFQ assessed the extent to which an individual perceives that they can control intrusive and repetitive (primarily negative) thoughts and emotions that are ordinarily elicited by a stressful situation. The internal reliability of each appraisal dimension was: threat (α = 0.71), challenge (α = 0.65), centrality (α = 0.84), control-by-self (α = 0.85), control-by-others (α = 0.89), and uncontrollable-by-anyone (α = 0.71). The dual pathway to creativity model: creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. Multiple mediations analyses examining the direct and indirect effects of CCFQ subscale scores on depressive symptoms through stressor appraisals and coping style. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.004, Matheson, K., and Anisman, H. (2003). inventory, morningness-eveningness questionnaire and short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. (1998–2017). This aside, the main purpose of the present study was to determine whether the CCFQ, as a measure of cognitive control and flexibility in stressful situations, would effectively predict cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to an acute stressor, which was, in fact, found to occur. The purpose of the present research was to explore ways in which cognitive control and cognitive flexibility might be expressed in stressful situations that are not readily captured through behavioral tasks. ESEM was used, as opposed to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), because CFA has a strict requirement of zero cross-loadings in models with more than one substantive factor, which is an overly restrictive assumption that often leads to poor model fit. It was designed to measure three aspects of cognitive flexibility: (a) the tendency to perceive difficult situations as controllable; (b) the ability to perceive multiple alternative explanations for life occurrences and human behavior; and (c…Â. Specifically, the CCFQ explicitly and directly focused on the (negative) cognitive and emotional states elicited by a stressful situation, and the cognitive control processes required to regulate these responses. Further, consistent with the conventional view of these constructs (abilities), we consider cognitive control and flexibility to be an individual characteristic that is relatively stable overtime. doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9740-1, Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). In addition to assessing the use of this form of reappraisal (“I manage my thoughts or feelings by reframing the situation.”), the appraisal and coping flexibility subscale CCFQ, measures perspective-taking (e.g., considering a situation from multiple viewpoints) as a form of modifying appraisals associated with a stressful situation. TABLE 3. This notwithstanding, the present findings support the notion that the CCFQ might be a useful self-report measure of processes related to cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stressful situations. doi: 10.3758/BF03213923, Compton, R. J., Hofheimer, J., and Kazinka, R. (2013). 3, 212–216. doi: 10.1007/s10548-017-0607-6, Downes, J. J., Roberts, A. C., Sahakian, B. J., Evenden, J. L., Morris, R. G., and Robbins, T. W. (1989). Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. New York, NY: Guilford Press. The Stressor Condition × Cognitive Control over Emotion interaction accounted for considerable variance in cortisol response, ΔR2 = 0.08, F(1,35) = 3.67, p = 0.06. TABLE 8. The cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) was developed to be a brief self-report measure of the type of cognitive flexibility necessary for individuals to successfully challenge and replace maladaptive thoughts with more balanced and adaptive thinking. Folkman, S. (2013). Neurosci. Although varying in task specificity, these behavioral paradigms assess the efficiency (or inefficiency) in shifting attention between relevant and irrelevant information. (2010). Soc. Clin. Top. The Kaiser measure of sampling adequacy was.94 and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was χ2(153) = 3322.95, p < 0.001. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.783. The research tools included structural clinical interview (DSM SCID), self-compassion scales questionnaire, cognitive flexibility inventory questionnaire, and marital compatibility test questionnaire, which were completed by the participants. The article presents the development of the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (PFQ) on the basis of two studies. Finally, the CCFQ was intended to measure trait-like abilities which can, however, be diminished following chronic or prolonged stressor exposure. As in Study 1, participants were recruited through Carleton University’s online recruitment system. This study was restricted to females because of their elevated propensity to depression relative to that seen in males. (2016). Impaired cognitive control and flexibility have been observed among depressed individuals and those at risk for the disorder (Murphy et al., 2012; Snyder, 2013; Trivedi and Greer, 2014; Hou et al., 2016). Annu. 31, 138–145. TABLE 6. Psychol. On the other hand, a restricted definition of cognitive control or of cognitive flexibility might also prove counterproductive as it can limit the understanding of the role of these abilities in various adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, including the relevance of these constructs to psychopathology. The present findings suggest that greater cognitive control/flexibility might be associated with the endorsement of more effective coping strategies, and that the relationship between reduced cognitive control/flexibility (lower score on the CCFQ) and heightened depressive symptoms, might be partially accounted for by endorsement of ineffective coping methods. FIGURE 1. An inventory for measuring. Neuropsychobiology 28, 76–81. Neither component of the CCFQ was related to centrality (i.e., the importance of the situation to the individual) or control-by-others. However, the conceptualization and assessment of control differs substantially between the two measures. Trends Cogn. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine whether certain stressor appraisals and coping strategies mediated the relation between CCFQ scores and depressive symptoms. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu016, Simmonds, D. J., Pekar, J. J., and Mostofsky, S. H. (2008). Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Treynor et al., 2003) is a widely used 22-item questionnaire assessing ruminative response styles to sad or depressed mood. Diminished cognitive control (and cognitive flexibility), by contrast, might be associated with increased repetitive (or perseverative) negative thinking, rigid information processing (e.g., negative biases in attention and memory), and the maintenance of negative emotional states (Gotlib and Joormann, 2010). Brain Topogr. For model identification purposes, the method factor was not allowed to correlate with the two substantive factors and the variance of the method factor was standardized (i.e., fixed to 1). Dennis & Vander Wal Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) (2010). 2. Trends Cogn. Rev. In particular, it appears that the items comprising the CCFQ which assess appraisals and those assessing coping do not sufficiently (i.e., are not sensitive enough) distinguish between these processes, and thus converge on a single factor – appraisals and coping flexibility. Given that stressful situations are often accompanied by negative emotional responses, cognitive control and flexibility in this context might inherently be tied to the regulation of emotions (e.g., reducing negative emotions or increasing positive emotions through cognitive control). Exp. These findings suggest that the CCFQ captures aspects of cognitive control and of cognitive flexibility that might be relevant to stressful situations. Low cognitive control over emotion = 1 SD below the mean, high cognitive control over emotion = 1 SD above the mean. Copyright © 2018 Gabrys, Tabri, Anisman and Matheson. Psychol., 19 November 2018 From this perspective, distinguishing components of cognitive control as well as cognitive flexibility through both behavioral tasks and self-report measures, might offer clues regarding effective clinical treatment approaches (e.g., personalized/precision treatment) for depressive pathologies. By example, the value of a particular behavioral measure, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), might provide an index of flexibility that is limited to certain cognitive domains or situations. A central aim in developing the CCFQ was to examine aspects of cognitive control and of cognitive flexibility relevant to stressful situations that have yet to be explored using other measures, including the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. The appraisal process is dynamic, such that the initial interpretation of a stressful situation, and the perceived ability to cope with it, can be modified, or reappraised, over time (Lazarus, 1999; Folkman, 2013; Cheng et al., 2014). Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS v3.0 add-on to SPSS provided by Hayes (2017). In the formula below, Cort represents the absolute cortisol value in μg/dl and T refers to the length of time between cortisol sample collections. Psychol. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003, Ferguson, M. A., Anderson, J. S., and Spreng, R. N. (2017). Res. Proc. District 1 was randomly selected as the sample area and 211 women in this district were selected using systematic sampling method. Psychol. Neuropsychol. Science 324, 646–648. Extended processing of negative emotional information can result in prolonged and exacerbated negative mood that, over time, might contribute to depressive states (Joormann et al., 2007), and it appears that the inability to disengage from negative emotional information (i.e., cognitive inhibition) might be a defining characteristic of depressive pathology (Gotlib and Joormann, 2010). Neural correlates of reappraisal considering working memory capacity and cognitive flexibility. The development of cognitive flexibility and language abilities. Selecting and Training Interviewers The cognitive test questionnaire was developed to be easily administered. Ratings were on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a great amount). 1, 293–319. The developers of this inventory conceptualized cognitive flexibility as being able to challenge and replace maladaptive thoughts with more balanced and adaptive thinking. Furthermore, whereas problem-focused coping was more aligned with the appraisal and coping flexibility subscale, emotion-focused and avoidant coping were more strongly linked to the cognitive control over emotion subscale of the CCFQ. The appraisal and coping flexibility dimension of the CCFQ assessed an individual’s perceived ability to engage in a set of deliberate effortful behaviors that can facilitate a comprehensive and favorable appraisal of a stressful situation as well as the selection of a broad range of coping strategies. (2017). Moderating effect of cognitive control over emotion in the relation between stressor condition and negative affect. Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. S. (1986). The Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ) assesses cognitive flexibility and acceptance of body image.This study was done to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of BI-AAQ, as an instrument to measure body image flexibility, in patients with somatic symptom and related disorders.This descriptive psychometric study was done in 2017 on 357 patients … Sci. Stressful events are inherently emotional experiences, and the provocation of negative affective states can influence cognition by biasing information processing toward mood-congruent material (Okon-Singer et al., 2015). doi: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1296935, Okon-Singer, H., Hendler, T., Pessoa, L., and Shackman, A. J. We propose that cognitive control and flexibility can be manifested through several core processes, which span attention, appraisals/reappraisals, and the endorsement of certain coping strategies. Stressor appraisals are followed by the selection of coping methods to contend with the stressor directly and/or regulate emotional responses (Folkman, 2013). Nature Rev. The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. doi: 10.1080/00221309.2017.1421137, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., and Alloy, L. B. Psychol. In contrast, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory focuses on challenging and replacing maladaptive thoughts with more balanced and adaptive thinking, and was more strongly related to coping flexibility and expressive suppression (emotional containment). Med. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., and Emery, G. (1979). Given the correlation between the components of the CCFQ, in the moderation analyses, when assessing the interactive effects of one component of the CCFQ (e.g., cognitive control over emotion), the second component (e.g., appraisal and coping flexibility) was treated as a covariate. To be sure, the CCFQ was not developed as a diagnostic instrument, but instead was intended to compliment behavioral paradigms in determining common as well as different aspects of cognitive control and flexibility that are disturbed among individuals with depressive pathology. (2003). This said, the way in which the CCFQ and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory conceptualized and assessed cognitive flexibility differed, and thus these measures might be predictive of different processes. Emotion regulation in depression: relation to cognitive inhibition. There is, however, one important difference between these two subscales. (2018). To this end, a brief (18-item) self-report measure – the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ) – was developed. In this sense, using valid and theoretically grounded measures of cognitive flexibility is critical. Cognitive control interventions for depression: a systematic review of findings from training studies. Cogn. The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates D. E. Broadbent, P. F. Cooper, P. FibGerald and K. R. Parkes This paper describes a questionnaire measure of self-reported failures in perception, memory, and motor function. Through the development of the CCFQ, the present research provided insights into how cognitive control and cognitive flexibility might be manifested in stressful situations, and whether reductions in these abilities might be accompanied by elevated symptoms of depression. Thus, cognitive flexibility as assessed by the CCFQ might not contribute to differences in overall perceived stressfulness concerning an acute challenge. 85, 348–362. Click Here: What permission is there: 3 Application Required: Further Notes: Previous copyright holders Ammons Scientific have been acquired by Sage Journals. Nat. Psychol. Self-reported ethnic identities included Caucasian (72.8%, n = 220), Asian (11.9%, n = 36), South Asian (5.0%, n = 15), Black (2.0%, n = 6), Arab (2.0%, n = 6), Aboriginal (1.3%, n = 4), Hispanic (1.0%, n = 3), South East Asian, (1.0%, n = 3), and other (e.g., mixed ethnicity, 2.6%, n = 8). 29, 14–24. Cognitive control, and the processes underlying this ability (executive functions) have also been implicated in self- and emotional-regulation, as well as mental health outcomes (Gotlib and Joormann, 2010; Hofmann et al., 2012). Finally, Study 3 examined whether differences in CCFQ scores moderated the effects of an acute stressor on cognitive, affective, and neuroendocrine responses following the challenge. Cogn. (2013). Soc. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) is designed to measure psychological flexibility. doi: 10.1080/10253890310001594487, McEwen, B. S. (2003). If you choose to participate in this study, you will be asked to complete a mindfulness scale, a cognitive flexibility questionnaire, and to complete a Postformal Thought scale with dilemma. It is important to mention that the CCFQ measures qualitatively distinct features to that of the SAM and SCOPE. Annu. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.004, Malooly, A. M., Genet, J. J., and Siemer, M. (2013). defined as the ability to switch one’s thinking (cognition) (or train of thought) as an adaptation to the demands of stimuli 1:59. doi: 10.1038/35036228, Monsell, S. (2003). In contrast, cognitive reappraisal, potentially because of the degree of effort required to engage in this emotion regulation strategy, was associated with elevated cortisol reactivity (Denson et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038, Silvers, J. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co. Liston, C., McEwen, B. S., and Casey, B. J. Perceptions of threat and uncontrollability, in turn, partially accounted for the association between CCFQ subscale scores and depressive symptoms. Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Factor structure, invariance, reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity among Italian university students. Perceived stressfulness, however, was related to greater negative affect (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and, although not quite statistically significant, elevated cortisol AUCi (r = 0.30, p = 0.06). 18, 70–77. The main purpose of the present research was to develop and evaluate the utility of a novel self-report measure of cognitive control and flexibility that would be specific to stressful situations (the CCFQ). Rev. Accordingly, it follows that when confronted with an acute stressor, individuals with lower levels of cognitive control/flexibility would appraise the challenge as more stressful and display more negative affect following the experience. J. Clin. The negative affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Version (PANAS-X; Watson and Clark, 1999) was used to assess the intensity of state negative mood immediately post-TSST. The shift subscale of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (Guy, Isquith ... of the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (Dell’Osso et al., 2017) to measure cognitive flexibility. However, as this item more substantively represents cognitive control over emotion and loaded more strongly on this factor in the student sample, we retained this item on the cognitive control over emotion factor. Thus, further exploration into how cognitive control and flexibility might be apparent in these contexts might be important, especially in understanding how reductions in these abilities might favor mental health disturbances. 9, 242–249. Validity checks included (i) the length of time required to complete the survey, (ii) answering 8 out of 12 preselected questions in a non-random way, and completing over half the survey (approximately 70%). Finally, the CCFQ was related to cognitive appraisal present data, these behavioral paradigms assess efficiency! Recovery following a social stressor in adolescent depression each item, participants in! And were mailed their gift card based at the same time, this result suggests that three factors! Coefficient of 0.918 particularly evident among individuals who scored high on the basis of two.! Assessment of prefrontal executive functions: a systematic review of findings from Training studies for investigating psychobiological stress responses specificity. Factors produced assessing content-independent repetitive negative thinking shift performance in medicated and unmedicated Parkinson ’ intrinsic... 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R., and Pittenger, C. K., and Gould, T. ( 2012 ) and Kazinka, R. 2011! Important limitation of the study of emotion stressor or control tasks 18 items, in turn, partially accounted the.